Dacite Genesis via both Slab Melting and Differentiation: Petrogenesis of La Yeguada Volcanic Complex, Panama   总被引：20，自引：2，他引：20  

DEFANT  MARC J.; RICHERSON  PHIL M.; DE BOER  JELLE Z.; STEWART  ROBERT H.; MAURY  REN? C.; BELLON  HERV?; DRUMMOND  MARK S.; FEIGENSON  MARK D.; JACKSON  THOMAS E. 《Journal of Petrology》1991,32(6):1101-1142

La Yeguada volcanioc complex (LYVC) is one of many major volcanoesthat represent the extension of the Central American arc inwestern Panama and that have resulted from current oblique subductionsouth of Panama. There are two major phases of calc-alkalinevolcanic activity at LYVC based on mapping and K-Ar radiometricdates. The first phase began at {small tilde} 13 Ma and ceasedat {small tilde} 7?5 Ma. This sequence, termed the old group,consists of basalts to rhyolites with typical arc mineralogies(OL, CPX, PL, MGT, and OPX). The samples have similar radiogenicSr and Nd values and appear to be related by fractional crystallizationwith assimilation and/or magma mixing involved in the differentiation.The parental basalts were probably derived from the metasomatizedmantle wedge via melting induced by fluids released from thesubducted lithosphere. There was an apparent period of minor volcanic activity from7–5 to 2–5 Ma (only one documented sample from thisperiod). The second phase (<2?5 Ma), termed the young group,consists only of dacites but with very different mineralogies(PL, MGT, AM, BI, with no PX) and geochemistries (e.g., highSr and low Y and HREE) compared with the old-group dacites (andandesites and rhyolites). The dacites cannot be related to theold group by various petrogenetic modeling techniques. Thesehigh-Al dacites have the characteristics of magmas derived fromthe partial melting of the subducted oceanic lithosphere witha hornblende eclogite residuum. This has been substantiatedby geochemical modeling. Samples similar to the young-group dacites in other arcs havebeen termed adakites and arc associated with the subductionof young hot crust which may explain why the slab melts. ThePanama basin has extremely high heat flow values, comparablewith those of the Galapagos ridge system. The change from normalarc volcanism to adakites suggests that the subducted oceaniccrust became hotter as time progressed. The subduction of anoceanic ridge or new ridge development along the Sandra Riftin the Panama basin can explain the change in volcanism withtime but more geophysical data are needed.  相似文献   

Interpretation of Hydrochemical Facies by Factor Analysis   总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17  

Matthew G. Dalton  Sam B. Upchurch 《Ground water》1978,16(4):228-233

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Influence of Regolith Properties on Migration of Septic Tank Effluent     

Raymond A. Rea  Sam B. Upchurch 《Ground water》1980,18(2):118-125

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Hydrogeology of an Atoll Island: A Conceptual Model from Detailed Study of a Micronesian Example   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jerry F. Ayers  H. L. Vacher 《Ground water》1986,24(2):185-198

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Mechanisms for Organic Matter and Phosphorus Burial in Sedimentsof a Shallow, Subtropical, Macrophyte-Dominated Lake     

Mark Brenner  David A. Hodell  Barbara W. Leyden  Jason H. Curtis  William F. Kenney  Binhe Gu  Jana M. Newman 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,35(1):129-148

We studied the role that submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) plays in the sedimentation of organic matter (OM) and phosphorus (P) in Lake Panasoffkee, Florida (USA), a shallow, hard-water, macrophyte-dominated water body. Carbon/Nitrogen ratios (C/N) and stable isotope signatures (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) in algae, higher plants, and surface sediments were measured to identify sources of OM to the lake mud. Pollen, plant macrofossils, and geochemistry in sediment cores indicated that primary productivity and SAV abundance in Lake Panasoffkee increased in the late 1800s, probably as a response to increased P loading from human settlement and forest clearance. SAV and associated periphyton served as temporary sinks for soluble P, maintaining relatively clear-water, low-nutrient conditions in the lake. P accumulation in Lake Panasoffkee sediments increased together with indicators for greater SAV presence. This suggests that SAV and associated epiphytes promote P burial and retention in sediments. Although it might be assumed that rooted submersed macrophytes are directly responsible for P uptake from water and transfer to sediments, C/N and stable carbon isotope results argue for the importance of other macrophyte growth forms, and perhaps epiphytic algae, in permanent OM and P sequestration. For instance, high rates of photosynthesis by epiphytes in hard-water systems consume CO₂ and promote CaCO₃ precipitation. Sloughing of accumulated carbonates from macrophyte leaves transfers epiphytes and associated P to the sediment. Our paleolimnological findings are relevant to restoration efforts in the Florida Everglades and support the claim that constructed SAV wetlands remove P from waters effectively.  相似文献   

Geospatial–temporal dependence among weekly precipitation extremes with applications to observations and climate model simulations in South America     

Gabriel Kuhn  Shiraj Khan  Auroop R. Ganguly  Marcia L. Branstetter   《Advances in water resources》2007,30(12):2401-2423

A quantification of the spatio-temporal dependence among precipitation extremes is important for investigating the properties of intense storms as well as flood or flash-flood related hazards. Extreme value theory has been widely applied to the hydrologic sciences and hydraulic engineering. However, rigorous approaches to quantify dependence structures among extreme values in space and time have not been reported in the literature. Previous researchers have quantified the dependence among extreme values through the concept of (pairwise bivariate) tail dependence coefficients. For estimation of the tail dependence coefficients, we apply a recently developed method [Kuhn G. On dependence and extremes. PhD thesis (Advisor: C. Klüppelberg), Munich University of Technology, 2006] which utilized the multivariate tail dependence function of a subclass of elliptical copulas. This study extends the previous approach in the context of space and time by considering pairs of spatial grids in South America and quantifying the dependence among precipitation extremes based on the time series at each spatial grid. In addition, Kendall’s τ is used to estimate the pairwise copula correlation (for an elliptical copula) of precipitation between all grids in South America. The geospatial–temporal dependence measures are applied to precipitation observations from 1940 to 2005 as well as simulations from the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) for 1940–2099. New insights are obtained regarding the spatio-temporal dependence structures for precipitation over South America both with regard to correlation as well as tail dependence.  相似文献   

Mapping eastern equine encephalitis virus risk for white-tailed deer in Michigan     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2015

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is often fatal to humans and horses. Some species including white-tailed deer and passerine birds can survive infection with the EEE virus (EEEV) and develop antibodies that can be detected using laboratory techniques. In this way, collected serum samples from free ranging white-tailed deer can be used to monitor the presence of the virus in ecosystems. This study developed and tested a risk index model designed to predict EEEV activity in white-tailed deer in a three-county area of Michigan. The model evaluates EEEV risk on a continuous scale from 0.0 (no measurable risk) to 1.0 (highest possible risk). High risk habitats are identified as those preferred by white-tailed deer that are also located in close proximity to an abundance of wetlands and lowland forests, which support disease vectors and hosts. The model was developed based on relevant literature and was tested with known locations of infected deer that showed neurological symptoms. The risk index model accurately predicted the known locations, with the mean value for those sites equal to the 94th percentile of values in the study area. The risk map produced by the model could be used refine future EEEV monitoring efforts that use serum samples from free-ranging white-tailed deer to monitor viral activity. Alternatively, it could be used focus educational efforts targeted toward deer hunters that may have elevated risks of infection.  相似文献   

The petrogenesis of volcanics from Mt. Bulusan and Mt. Mayon in the Bicol arc,the Philippines     

Frank?McDermottEmail author  Francisco?G.?Delfin?Jr.  Marc?J.?Defant  Simon?Turner  Rene?Maury 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2005,150(6):652-670

Pliocene to recent volcanic rocks from the Bulusan volcanic complex in the southern part of the Bicol arc (Philippines) exhibit a wide compositional range (medium- to high-K basaltic-andesites, andesites and a dacite/rhyolite suite), but are characterised by large ion lithophile element enrichments and HFS element depletions typical of subduction-related rocks. Field, petrographic and geochemical data indicate that the more silicic syn- and post-caldera magmas have been influenced by intracrustal processes such as magma mixing and fractional crystallisation. However, the available data indicate that the Bicol rocks as a group exhibit relatively lower and less variable ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7036–0.7039) compared with many of the other subduction-related volcanics from the Philippine archipelago. The Pb isotope ratios of the Bicol volcanics appear to be unlike those of other Philippine arc segments. They typically plot within and below the data field for the Philippine Sea Basin on ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb versus ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb versus ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb diagrams, implying a pre-subduction mantle wedge similar to that sampled by the Palau Kyushu Ridge, east of the Philippine Trench. ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios are moderately variable (0.51285–0.51300). Low silica (<55 wt%) samples that have lower ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd tend to have high Th/Nd, high Th/Nb, and moderately low Ce/Ce* ratios. Unlike some other arc segments in the Philippines (e.g. the Babuyan-Taiwan segment), there is little evidence for the involvement of subducted terrigenous sediment. Instead, the moderately low ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios in some of the Bicol volcanics may result from subduction of pelagic sediment (low Ce/Ce*, high Th/Nd, and high Th/Nb) and its incorporation into the mantle wedge via a slab-derived partial melt.  相似文献   

Matrix permeability of the confined Floridan Aquifer,Florida, USA   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

David?A.?BuddEmail author  H.?L.?Vacher 《Hydrogeology Journal》2004,12(5):531-549

The Upper Floridan Aquifer of peninsular Florida retains most of its depositional porosity and, as a result, is a multi-porosity aquifer: double porosity (fractured porous aquifer) downdip where the aquifer is confined, and triple porosity (karstic, fractured porous aquifer) in the updip, unconfined region. Matrix permeability in the confined region varies in the range <10^–14.4–10^–11.1 m², as determined by 12,000 minipermeameter measurements on 1,210 m of slabbed core. Limestones divide into 13 textural classes and dolomites into two. Depositional facies (textural class) strongly correlates with matrix permeability. As a result, the facies architecture of the Eocene and Oligocene carbonates that compose the confined portion of the aquifer controls the lateral and vertical distribution of its matrix transmissivity. The most-permeable facies are grainstones (median k, 10^–12.4 m²) and sucrosic dolomites (median k, 10^–12.0 m²). Together, they are responsible for ~73% of the matrix transmissivity of the logged cores, although they constitute only ~24% of the thickness. Examination of the flow equations of fractured porous aquifers suggests that the permeability of these two facies is large enough that matrix permeability cannot be discounted in modeling the hydraulics of the double-porosity system. This conclusion likely applies to most, if not all, Cenozoic double-porosity carbonate aquifers, as average matrix and fracture permeabilities in the Floridan Aquifer are similar to other Cenozoic carbonates from around the world.

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Resumen El Acuífero Superior de Florida conserva gran parte de su porosidad deposicional y, como resultado, se comporta como un acuífero multi-poroso: de doble porosidad (acuífero poroso fracturado) a favor del buzamiento, donde se halla confinado, y de triple porosidad (acuífero poroso fracturado y kárstico) en sentido opuesto, en la zona en que se comporta como libre. La permeabilidad de la matriz en la región confinada está comprendida entre menos de 10^–14,4 y 10^–11,1 m², según determinaciones hechas a partir de 12.000 medidas de mini-permeámetro en 1.210 rodajas de testigos. Se ha distinguido quince clases texturales de calcita (n=2.298) y dos de dolomita (n=983), y las facies ejercen un gran control en la permeabilidad de la matriz. Como consecuencia, la arquitectura de las facies de los carbonatos Eocenos y Oligocenos que forman la zona confinada del acuífero controla la distribución lateral y vertical de la transmisividad de la matriz. Las facies más permeables son grainstones o grano-soportadas sin matriz (mediana de permeabilidad de 10^–12,4 m²) y dolomitas sacaroideas (10^–12,0 m²). Ambas son responsables de aproximadamente el 73% de la transmisividad de los testigos ensayados, aunque sólo constituyen el 24% de su espesor. El examen de las ecuaciones de flujo en acuíferos porosos fracturados sugiere que la permeabilidad de estas facies más permeables es lo suficientemente elevada como para no poder despreciar la permeabilidad de la matriz en la modelación hidráulica de dichos sistemas de doble porosidad. La proyección de la estratigrafía regional y de las tendencias de las facies en la parte del acuífero ubicado en sentido contrario al buzamiento, que tiene carácter de libre y está más karstificado, predice que las permeabilidades mayores son debidas al incremento de los porcentajes de grainstones y dolomitas sacaroideas. Por tanto, es probable que la transmisividad de la matriz deba ser tenida en cuenta en el sistema de triple porosidad de la región.

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Résumé Laquifère floridien supérieur de la péninsule de Floride contient plus que sa porosité de dépôt et, par conséquent, est un aquifère à porosité multiple: double porosité (aquifère fracturé poreux) en aval-pendage, là où laquifère est captif, et triple porosité (aquifère karstique et fracturé poreux) en amont-pendage, dans la région où il est libre. La perméabilité de matrice dans la région captive est comprise entre moins de 10^–14,4 et 10^–11,1 m² daprès 12.000 mesures par miniperméamètre sur 1.200 m de carottes. Quinze classes texturales de calcaires (n=2.298) et deux classes de dolomies (n=983) ont été reconnues; il existe un fort contrôle du faciès sur la perméabilité. En effet, larchitecture des carbonates de lEocène et de lOligocène qui constituent la partie captive de laquifère contrôle la distribution latérale et verticale de la transmissivité de la matrice. Les faciès les plus perméables sont les grainstones (k médian, 10^–12,4 m²) et les dolomies saccharoïdes (10^–12,0 m²). Ces deux faciès rendent compte de 73% environ de la transmissivité dans les carottes étudiées, bien quils ne contribuent quà 24% environ de lépaisseur. Lexamen des équations découlement en aquifères fracturés poreux suggère que la perméabilité de ces faciès les plus perméables est assez importante pour que la perméabilité de matrice ne puisse pas être écartée dans la modélisation de lhydraulique de ces systèmes à double porosité. Si lon projette ces tendances de la stratigraphie régionale et des faciès à lamont-pendage, la partie non captive et karstifiée de laquifère laisse prévoir de fortes perméabilités dues à des pourcentages croissants de grainstones et de dolomies saccharoïdes. Il est donc très probable quil sera nécessaire de prendre en compte la transmissivité de matrice dans un système à triple porosité dans cette région.

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Stratigraphy of washover deposits in Florida: implications for recognition in the stratigraphic record     

Peter E. Sedgwick  Richard A. Davis  Jr.   《Marine Geology》2003,200(1-4):31-48

Twelve washover deposits were cored on the west-central Gulf Coast of Florida to provide data to permit development of a model to help identify washover facies in the stratigraphic record. Typical modern washover stratigraphy displays landward-dipping plane beds comprised of well-sorted sand with distinct laminae of shells and heavy minerals. Five subfacies are delineated which show variations in composition, texture, and bioturbation throughout the washover facies. These subfacies represent differences in flow conditions during overwash, position relative to sea level, and variable degrees of reworking after deposition. Three shell assemblages aid in identification of washover deposits. Backbarrier sediments composed of shoreface/open water species or mixed shoreface/backbarrier species may potentially be washover in origin. Sediments with purely backbarrier/quiet water shell species are likely to have been deposited independently of washover activity. Examination of washover deposits of differing ages reveals that preservation of washover stratigraphy is not exclusively a function of time. Reworking of small-scale stratification can occur in as short as a decade; however, this same stratification was found to be preserved in deposits several hundred years old. Destruction of original washover signatures is related to the position of the deposits relative to sea level, and the rate and depth of burial. Even after the destruction of small-scale stratigraphic features, washover deposits may still be identified as such due to their texture, composition, and shell assemblages. Key features in recognizing the facies after bioturbation and reworking are: (1) the presence of clean sand in otherwise muddy backbarrier sediments, (2) the landward thinning of the facies, and (3) the presence of shoreface shells or mixed shoreface/backbarrier shells on landward portions of the barrier island system. If reworking is severe and/or there are limited subsurface data, distinguishing washovers from genetically similar deposits (e.g. flood tidal deltas and spillover deposits) in the stratigraphic record is difficult and when considered out of stratigraphic context may not be recognizable.  相似文献